5. 總結(jié)
本文嘗試了整合技術(shù)、國際貿(mào)易和全球價(jià)值鏈文獻(xiàn),并基于當(dāng)下全球化、生產(chǎn)活動碎片化和無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易增長的趨勢發(fā)展出一套整合了產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易和無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易的國際貿(mào)易分析框架。通過深入討論五種無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易的模式,本文發(fā)展出一套基于全球價(jià)值鏈的國際貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)框架。把這個(gè)框架應(yīng)用于美國貿(mào)易收支計(jì)算,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)考慮無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易后, 2016年美國的貿(mào)易凈收支(包括產(chǎn)品、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、保險(xiǎn)和金融服務(wù)、計(jì)算機(jī)通訊和其他服務(wù),以2%收益率和總OFDI和無形資產(chǎn)密集行業(yè)FDI歷史存量計(jì)算的無形資產(chǎn)凈收益,以及蘋果公司的非美國部分收入)為3963.8億美元逆差,比 7499.3億美元僅以產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易計(jì)算的逆差減少了近一半;2015年美國貿(mào)易凈收支為3971.5億美元逆差,而不是7625.7億美元。如果我們進(jìn)一步加入除蘋果公司外的包含在外包中的無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易,美國的貿(mào)易逆差應(yīng)當(dāng)更小。因此,本文認(rèn)為國際貿(mào)易不平衡與相應(yīng)的政策措施應(yīng)當(dāng)基于完整的包括21世紀(jì)多種貿(mào)易活動在內(nèi)的統(tǒng)計(jì)框架來討論。
本文的貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)框架提供了一種幫助我們理解21世紀(jì)更廣的貿(mào)易圖景的方法。產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易,甚至產(chǎn)品加服務(wù)貿(mào)易,不再是描述貿(mào)易關(guān)系的好的指標(biāo)。無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易的各種模式和渠道需要被納入到這個(gè)大的貿(mào)易圖景中來。一種可能的解決方法是整合數(shù)字技術(shù)和可靠的公司自申報(bào)系統(tǒng)。比如,我們可以用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)鏈接各種投入和產(chǎn)出,然后用大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)對比不同來源數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性,以及填補(bǔ)中間的數(shù)據(jù)空白。而國際合作是建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和執(zhí)行對于新框架的使用和數(shù)據(jù)收集的可行性和可靠性的重要保障。
本文的研究具有重要的政策意義。第一,本文的研究為如何更好的測度全球化做出了貢獻(xiàn)。全球化不應(yīng)當(dāng)僅僅根據(jù)產(chǎn)品、投資和服務(wù)的互動和一體化來測度,還應(yīng)該包含追蹤和測度起來更加復(fù)雜的無形資產(chǎn)的流動。
第二,本文為全球化的影響的爭論和更包容的全球化政策做出了貢獻(xiàn)。近年,全球化被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致發(fā)達(dá)國家不平等問題的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。反全球化浪潮出現(xiàn)在一些主流的工業(yè)化國家。產(chǎn)品的國際貿(mào)易成為了攻擊對象。貿(mào)易和投資保護(hù)主義在不斷抬頭。本文的研究表明全球經(jīng)濟(jì)失衡并不像商品貿(mào)易所表現(xiàn)出來的那么嚴(yán)重。實(shí)際上,工業(yè)化國家有巨大的無形資產(chǎn)順差。但是問題是,無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易帶來的巨大收益集中在少數(shù)的所有者和一小部分創(chuàng)造這些無形資產(chǎn)的研究技術(shù)人員手里。所以,對于工業(yè)化國家來說,無形資產(chǎn)貿(mào)易獲得巨大利益的團(tuán)體與社會其他人群之間的是減少不平等的重要措施。并且應(yīng)當(dāng)禁止跨境避稅行為。
最后,本文的研究對貿(mào)易不平衡做出了貢獻(xiàn)。我們應(yīng)該從更加整體的角度,從全球價(jià)值鏈的視角來思考國際貿(mào)易的問題。解決工業(yè)化國家(如美國)和發(fā)展中國家(如中國)之間的貿(mào)易不平衡問題的政策工具應(yīng)當(dāng)是基于真實(shí)的完整的貿(mào)易活動。根據(jù)本文的分析,中美真實(shí)的貿(mào)易逆差比大眾認(rèn)知的3570億美元低很多。因此,減少逆差的談判基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到這個(gè)問題。同時(shí),無形資產(chǎn)出口應(yīng)當(dāng)被當(dāng)做一種政策工具納入兩國政府的考量,而不僅僅是高技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的出口。
未來的研究應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展這個(gè)基于全球價(jià)值鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)的貿(mào)易模型,建立必要的數(shù)據(jù)收集系統(tǒng)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和國際數(shù)據(jù)庫,從主要的全球價(jià)值鏈到所有全球價(jià)值鏈,再到所有類型的全球價(jià)值鏈和不基于全球價(jià)值鏈的貿(mào)易,分析國家在全球價(jià)值鏈上的位置如何影響他們獲取和分享增加值的能力,分享最近的工業(yè)革命如何快速的改變?nèi)騼r(jià)值鏈的形態(tài)和國家在其上的位置,以及分析這次工業(yè)革命如何影響國家間的價(jià)值分配、收入分配、發(fā)展中國家的升級,還有分析哪些政策制度對于無形資產(chǎn)和產(chǎn)品整體貿(mào)易框架的健康運(yùn)行是必要的,最后還有分析IPR保護(hù)的角色和確保可靠的、有益的數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生和分享所需的監(jiān)管。
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附錄
圖 1A. 中美保險(xiǎn)金融服務(wù)和ICT服務(wù)
?。ㄎ恼聛碓矗号=虼髮W(xué)技術(shù)與管理發(fā)展研究中心)
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